Shiloh by Bobbie Ann Mason Essay -- Shiloh by Bobbie Ann Mason

The setting in the short story Shiloh by Bobbie Ann Mason works well to accentuate the theme of the story. The theme portrayed by Mason is that most people change along with their environment, with the exception of the few who are unwilling to alter making it difficult for things such as union to work out successfully. These difficulties are apparent in Norma Jean and Leroys marriage. As Norma Jean advances herself, their marriage ultimately collapses due to Leroys unwillingness to adapt with her and the changing environment.Leroy Moffit is a truck driver, and over the years as his wife Norma Jean is adapting to the changing community his adaptation to things consist of pretty much the delegacy he drives his truck. During this time Norma Jean is left at home to fend for herself and learn the workings of nearly being a single woman. Norma Jean started to embolden the organ again, practice weight lifting, and take night classes. When Leroy came home after years of being saturated in his work he expected things to be like they were in the beginning of their marriage. As time goes on at home, Leroy takes notice to Norma Jeans keen, and independent understanding of what goes on close to her. He observes and is afraid to admit that she has had to be her own husband. Over the years Norma Jean developed a structured routine that does not include him. As Leroy sits around and plays with a model log cabin set Norma is constantly working to advance and adapt herself with ...

Achilles in The Illiad is not a Hero Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive

Achilles in The Illiad is not a Hero In the entranceway of the Essential Illiad given by Sheila Murnaghan, Achilles is labeled as the greatest of the Greek heroes. In classic mythology a hero is a person of great personnel and courage celebrated for bold exploits and is often the offspring of a mortal and a god. Achilles was the greatest fighter among the Greeks or Trojans and feared no man in battle. He was also the offspring of a mortal and a god so by classic mythology definition, Achilles was indeed a hero. A hero is defined by the present day Websters Dictionary as one who inspires through manners and actions an individual who leads through personal example and accomplishments requiring bravery, skill, determination, and other admirable qualities. Achilles, in no manner, fits this definition. By contemporary standards, he is instead a pathetic villain. Aside from being a kidnapper, rapist and murderer, Achilles proves to be emotionally weak, selfish, and malicious. Many times throughout the Illiad, Achilles is also referred to as godlike. The gods of Greek mythology were subject to the same emotions and character flaws as humans, and though privileged to some foresight, the gods had similar mental capacities as humans. What rattling set the gods apart were their powers (controlling the elements, changing their appearance, etc.), great strength, and immortality. Because of his great strength and apparent invincibility, it is easy to see why Achilles would...

Examine the influence of Heaneys childhood upon his poetry :: English Literature

Examine the influence of Heaneys childhood upon his poetryIntroductionSeamus Heaney was born on a turn in county Derry in North Ireland onApril 13th 1939 he was one of nine children.The Heaney family had lived in that area for centuries and had been heighteners for generations. He grew up in the country and the countrysidewas a crucial focus point for his poetry, this is shown in the poemsThe early purges, The forge, Digging, Follower and Death of a naturalist.He grew up in a rural community which was real important to him aswell as village traditions, history and religion.Nature was important to him. This is illustrated in Death of anaturalist and Follower. He looked back to the farm for inspiration inhis writing when he writes nigh the farm in Digging and the follower.In Follower, Seamus writes about his father Patrick. Seamus had agreat deal of compliance and admires his father for his farming skillagain this is evident in Follower. Seamus and his father separated asSeamus gre w smarter and away from the farming life and towards poetryand literature.Heaney was Catholic and at school he became aware of the Catholic andProtestant problems in Ireland which later inspired him to write aboutpolitics and the problems in Ireland.Heaney wrote very realistic poems about life in the countryside andwanted to show what it was really like (rough and hard).This is clearin Death of a Naturalist and Early purges.When he was twelve he won a scholarship to St Coluns boarding schoolin Derring later he won another scholarship to Queens university wherehe studied English. When he was at university he started to writepoems and the increasing problems in Ireland became apparent to himand his poems examined these problems.In the early sixties he wrote his first volume Death of a naturalist.Analyzing iv Heaney PoemsI have chosen Death of a naturalist, Follower, Digging and The earlypurges because I think they represent the influences that Heaneyschildhood had on his poems.Death of a naturalist was one of Heaneys first poems and was thetitle of his first volume. The poem symbolizes the innocence ofchildhood because he uses simple and uncomplicated language. Theteacher in the poem is very prankish and explains sex and mating ina very toned down way she said, The daddy frog was called thebullfrog and how he croaked and how the mammy frog determined hundreds oflittle eggs and this was frogspawn.The early part of the poem is seen through the eyes of a child and as

Focal Dystonia of the Hand, And What the Brain Has To Do With It :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Focal Dystonia of the Hand, And What the Brain Has To Do With It The body is complicated, and often the origins of a condition be all but obvious. Focal dystonia of the draw is one disorder whose underlying cause has been found in the more recent past. Although it can be genic (1), the form of focal dystonia of the hand I look at here is caused by environmental factors (2). Focal dystonia of the hand is a condition characterized by a loss in motor control of one or more fingers. A single muscle or group of muscles is involved muscles in the hand and forearm tense and tighten, with the result of making the hand (or part of it) curl (2). Musicians who have intensively practiced their instruments everyplace a number of years atomic number 18 a group most affected by this condition. The reason is that focal dystonia can be caused by the repetitive movement of the fingers over a momentous period of time. The condition was long known as occupational hand cramp. (3). It can easily be misdiagnosed as simple overuse or strive of the hand (1). Although it may not be obvious at first sight of the symptoms, the level at which the problem is caused is not the hand, but the brain. Researchers at the University of Konstanz root overlap or smearing of the homuncular organization of the representation of the digits in the primary somatosensory cerebral cortex (3). Given that functions such as motor control cross over from the right side of the body to be represented in the left hemisphere, they found that the distance between the representations of individual fingers was smaller in the somatosensory cortex side corresponding to the hand that had undergone continued repetitious training (the left hand in case of violin players for example). What does all this mean in hurt of the brain? Looking at the central nervous system as an input-output system, in very simple terms we can observe that a special(prenominal) input is presented over and over again - in this case the stimulation of the fingers that play the violin - and as a result the organization within the misfortune changes. More specifically, there is a one-to-one correspondence between input and internal representations of this input all fingers are individually represented on the somatosensory cortex. But somehow, as these regions of representation begin to smear or overlap, the one-to-one correspondence is blurred.

Abortion :: essays research papers

As of right now, abortion is legal in all nine months of the pregnancy for any reason. This controversial issue is a question of how important the value of life is. The turning point came in 1973 when the Supreme Courts decision in Roe vs. Wade saying, that women perplex the right to execution an innocent baby bird only up to 24 weeks . This false perception is fueled part by groups supporting abortion rights and it is then uncritically nonstandard by the media. The fact is that the current law allows a woman to support an abortion for any reason she deems necessary.It seems ironic that a people can get so emotional when it comes to animal rights, yet see no wrong in ripping a developed baby from the protection of the mother. It is not the childs shimmy that he or she was conceived. Some people argue that the developing is not technically a child yet because it cannot live on its own. Most of the procedures in murdering the growing child can be painful to the baby and be harmf ul to the mother. So how can we as a nation make undisputable criminals are executed painlessly and let children be murdered by extremely painful measures. At 18 days after conception, a babys inwardness is already beating, and at 6 weeks, brain waves can be measured. At 8 weeks, the stomach, liver, and kidneys are functioning, and the fingerprints have formed. At 9 weeks, the baby can timbre pain . Here are some manners of early abortionVacuum Curettage powerful suction tube inserted through the cervix and into the womb. The unborn child is torn apart by the force of the suction the fetal body parts and placenta are sucked into a jar. Possible complications include infection, cervical laceration and uterine perforation. mifepristone also known as RU-486, the chemical causes an abortion by interfering with the function of the placenta, starving the unborn child to death. Prostaglandins are then administered to expel the fetus. This method of abortion takes place over the span o f several days the average woman using it bleeds heavily for more than nine days, but some women have bled for over four weeks. Mifepristone is just beginning to be used in the US. Long-term health risks are not yet known. Methotrexate though not approved by the FDA for this use, a methotrexate injection kills the unborn child by interfering with the growth process (cell division).

Abortion :: essays research papers

As of right now, stillbirth is legal in all nine months of the pregnancy for any reason. This contr everywheresial issue is a wonder of how important the value of life is. The turning point came in 1973 when the Supreme Courts decision in Roe vs. Wade saying, that women have the right to murder an impeccant child only up to 24 weeks . This false perception is fueled part by groups supporting abortion rights and it is then uncritically unaccepted by the media. The fact is that the current law allows a woman to get an abortion for any reason she deems necessary.It seems ironic that a people can get so emotional when it comes to animal rights, yet see no wrong in ripping a developed baby from the protection of the mother. It is non the childs fault that he or she was conceived. Some people argue that the developing is not technically a child yet because it cannot live on its own. Most of the procedures in murdering the emergence child can be pangful to the baby and be harmful to the mother. So how can we as a nation make sure criminals ar executed painlessly and let children be murdered by extremely painful measures. At 18 days after conception, a babys heart is already beating, and at 6 weeks, brain waves can be measured. At 8 weeks, the stomach, liver, and kidneys are functioning, and the fingerprints have formed. At 9 weeks, the baby can feel pain . Here are some methods of early abortionVacuum Curettage powerful suction tube inserted through the cervix and into the womb. The unborn child is divide apart by the force of the suction the fetal body parts and placenta are sucked into a jar. Possible complications include infection, cervical laceration and uterine perforation. Mifepristone similarly known as RU-486, the chemical causes an abortion by interfering with the function of the placenta, starving the unborn child to death. Prostaglandins are then administered to expel the fetus. This method of abortion takes place over the span of several days th e average woman using it bleeds heavily for more than nine days, but some women have bled for over four weeks. Mifepristone is just beginning to be used in the US. Long-term health risks are not yet known. Methotrexate though not approved by the FDA for this use, a methotrexate injection kills the unborn child by interfering with the growth process (cell division).

Education Systems of Vietnam and England Essay

The secondary education organisation is very important for two Vietnam and England. It created for childrens future purpose. Comp ared to Vietnam, Englands current system of secondary education has a long tradition and higher quality, while the secondary education in Vietnam is borrowing from many different countries and poor quality. However, both countries have several(prenominal) similarities and differences in their education system. Their similarities include the free education, the national class applied for all state naturalises, but they both have some differences in the education structure, the qualities, and the law for private schools. Firstly, there are both similarities and differences in their education system. The secondary education is free for all children, but it is non compulsory in Vietnam. Meanwhile, English children required by law to have a free education until they are 16 years old. Furthermore, the national curriculum created and applied for all state s chools in both countries. (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate The ministry of education and gentility of Vietnam).Moreover, the national test applied for all children in both countries at the age of 11, 14, and 16. In England, the secondary education is a local responsibility, so that the education and teacher employed and provided by Local Education Authorities (LEAs). In Vietnam, the Local department of Education is also responsible for secondary education, but all state schools are employed the teacher individually. (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate The ministry of education and training of Vietnam). Beside some similarities, they also have some differences such as the education structure, the facilities, and the quality of education.In Vietnam, the secondary education are divided into two levels, which are the basic secondary education and the high school education, the student can leaving school or seeking higher education after accurate year 12. In contrast, the secondary education system of England encompasses three spot stages. Key stage 1 from year 7 to year 9 and key stage 2 from year 10 to year 11 are compulsory, after completed year 11 student can leaving school or complete two more levels to study in higher education. In addition, the facilities and the quality of education in England are much better than Vietnam. Finally, the former(a) difference is the law system.

Lion king

The social lion powerfulness was first made in 1994 directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff. The original Disney cartoon of a lion cub blamed for his fathers death has been remade into a Broadway melodious acclaimed all over the world. The Lion King is a musical based on the 1994 Disney animated icon of the same name with music by Elton John. enjoin by Julie Taymor, the musical features actors in animal costumes as well as giant, hollow puppets. The show is produced by Disney Theatrical.The director works closely with the performers in the theatre, directional them in sharping their performance. The director also works closely with the playwright, and is responsible, as well, for coordinating former(a) aspects of the production. When Julie Taymor the director was set about with a problem of whether to create pieces or animals playing the part and she decided to make inters that show the animal face, as well as, show the human face giving the character his or her personality .The costumes shed a value of their own, adding color, shape, texture, and symbolism to overall effect. Other element such as make up, hairstyles, mask and personal items like bracelets and necklaces and also very important. As for expressing other animals that argon not part of the main cast or to express a sure theme, 2 different kinds of puppetry were used to express an African theme. Masks are considered functional works of art and play a social purpose in Africa.They are used in storytelling and ceremonies and are made to be worn over the head rather than cover the face. This technique is also used in The Lion King so that the human facial contemplation is not lost and to support the beadwork, corsets and armor used to show the human qualities of a lion. The costumes on the other hand are made of silk cloth to befog the human form, break the shoulder line and to enhance the powerful Joints and thighs.Lion kingThe Lion King was first made in 1994 directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff. The original Disney cartoon of a lion cub blamed for his fathers death has been remade into a Broadway musical acclaimed all over the world. The Lion King is a musical based on the 1994 Disney animated film of the same name with music by Elton John. Directed by Julie Taymor, the musical features actors in animal costumes as well as giant, hollow puppets. The show is produced by Disney Theatrical.The director works closely with the performers in the theatre, guiding them in sharping their performance. The director also works closely with the playwright, and is responsible, as well, for coordinating other aspects of the production. When Julie Taymor the director was faced with a problem of whether to create humans or animals playing the part and she decided to make masks that show the animal face, as well as, show the human face giving the character his or her personality.The costumes have a value of their own, adding color, shape, texture, and symbolism to overall effec t. Other element such as make up, hairstyles, mask and personal items like bracelets and necklaces and also very important. As for expressing other animals that are not part of the main cast or to express a certain theme, 2 different kinds of puppetry were used to express an African theme. Masks are considered functional works of art and play a social purpose in Africa.They are used in storytelling and ceremonies and are made to be worn over the head rather than cover the face. This technique is also used in The Lion King so that the human facial expression is not lost and to support the beadwork, corsets and armor used to show the human qualities of a lion. The costumes on the other hand are made of silk cloth to hide the human form, break the shoulder line and to enhance the powerful Joints and thighs.

Religious Education S.B. Essay

IntroductionThe Rastafarian symbols are important tools to the Rastas and their religion and a massive amount of Rastas gain it as a way of life rather than a religion as a result of this the researcher did a research in send to find turn up The importance of the Rastafarian symbols to the Rastas and why does the Rastas of the community of Rose Hill District, St.Mary join this religion?Acknowledg mentThe researcher would standardized to thank a number of persons for their assistance and cooperation through turn up this research without them the successful completion of this study would non have been possible. Firstly the researcher would like to thank his teacher Mrs. Thomas and his friend Christopher Stephenson for liberal him the task of completing this research truly it had positively impacted and the researcher and for instructing the researcher so he could specify the research together. The researcher would like to thank his parent for relieving him from his chores and f or her encouragement throughout this stressful period so that the research could be properly conducted and completed.The researcher would to a fault like to thank the Rastas of the community of Riversdale, St. Catherine for consequenceing the given questionnaires, for making sure the researcher was on the right track in conducting his research and the Highgate program library and their internet source for providing the researcher with the necessary important information and last further not least the researcher would like to thank God for giving him the strength and patience so that the research could be properly conducted and completed.Topic Rastafarian SymbolsAimsThe importance of the Rastafarian symbols.The significance of the Rastafarian symbols.The founder and foundation of the unalike Rastafarian symbols.The different uses of the Rastafarian symbols.INFORMATION COLLECTIONThe researcher used both primary and secondary sources to obtain information. The primary source used i s questionnaire. A questionnaire may be defined as a written set of questions answered by a number of people to provide information for a survey. A total of twenty (20) questionnaires were issued to twenty Rastafarians, eighteen males and two females living in the Riversdale community in St.Catherine on July 28, 2011 and were collected back within ten running(a) days. The reason the researcher decided to use written questionnaire areQuestionnaire allow data to be collected from a large number of peopleQuestionnaire is hail effectiveQuestionnaire make it possible to compare the responses of many respondentsQuestionnaire can be used to collect data that can be expressed in statistical for using graphs and tables.The secondary source used to obtain information is literature review. The researcher used literature review to gain factual information of what books and sure websites have utter approximately the topic, Rastafarian symbols and this allow for comparison of the different v iews. The limitations experience in using these methods to collect data is that the respondents may not answer the questions truthfully and the questions may be ambiguous.Summary of findingLiterature review have shown that the Rastafarian religion was formed in 1930 by a group of Rastas and from that time until now it have been widespread throughout the world. The Rastafarian movement is said to be a male dominated religion with about 92% of the members of this religion been male and a small 8% been female. Rastas are expected to be purity and righteous people and are not expected to eat any & all(prenominal)thing thus they eat what isknown as ital food as been part of their main diet to remain healthy & fit. The hemp is one of the most recognized symbols of the Rastafarian and thus is smoke in abundance by them and all some none Rastas as they said it help them to meditate. The marijuana is not only use for smoking by the Rastas but they use it as medicine and they also use it i n worship to get closer to God. The word jah is used in the everyday life of the Rastas and also non Rastas whether in worship when reaching out to their supreme being Haile Selassie or in their every life talking.The word jah has become a profound word use by almost every entertainer in the music industry today in their songs whether Rasta or non Rasta and is seen printed on buildings and vehicles of Rastas and non Rastas. Unlike the word jah the Rastafarian flag is seen printed on the buildings & vehicles of many Rastafarian living in the world today. The dread locks should be a symbol that as you see a Rasta you know that he or she is a existent Rasta but it is not quite so in the world today, many person living in the world today tend to use the dreadlocks bull style as a fashion and not as a symbol of been part of the religious group.This is not good for the Rastafarian religion for if these imitators when out and do something which is not righteous or profound to the Rastafa rian religion it would not only give this person a bad name but instead giving the Rastafarian religion a bad name. Many person today use the dreadlocks hair style & the Rastafarian religion as just a stepping stone for making money and one place where this is widely use is the entertainment industry. The Rastafarian religion today have not just benefited Rastafarian alone but also non Rasta as during the fast tourist season such as the summer time many person make arts of the Rastafarian symbols & other instrument of the Rastafarian movement and sell it to tourist to make a living and also some men tend to Rasta up their hair to become marketable to the tourist as it is said that tourist love and cherish Rasta men and are willing to fix for their service sex wise.

The Study Of Nanoscience And Nanotechnology Developments Environmental Sciences Essay

Interest in the passing of safeguarding the ecological environment has steadily increased in recent decennaries. Parallel to this involvement, some companies in assorted sectors work increased the degree and quality environmental selective information communicated to investors and stake dealers in developing a tender sort of revelation, environmental revelation 1 . some(prenominal) research role players have focused on the inducements for houses to set about voluntarily unwrap information on their environmental public presentation.Research on the issue have focused on different facets of this revelation as its refer on stock m iodinetary values, outlooks of investors and their information demands, appraisals of concern hazard and impact on the cost of capital and the grounds for such revelation and the schemes pursued by houses. The bulk of surveies on environmental revelation be made in true states like Canada, the United States, England and Australia, but what about the ut ility and relevancy of information environmental context of an appear market?It is progressively common to perk the footings nanotechnology nanoparticles, nano social systems, and so on in mundane conversations, but for most people is lock up hard to conceive of these intelligence agencys out of context of scientific class or scientific chequer fiction 2 . However, the impact is undeniable and the subject eye socket of nanoscience and nanotechnology schoolings pass on underpin immense impact on societal, cultural and economic life of all of us daily. Furthermore, the irrefutable scenario presents the great benefits that bequeath convey nanotechnology in the countries of wellness, nutrient, ability, environment, electronics and telecommunications, etc like C nanotubes great deal be used in golf nines for strength and elation, nanosilver is used as an disinfectant agent in socks, and clay nanoparticles mean that beer can be packaged in plastic. 3 But nanotechnology equally brings many hazards with it environmental and wellness jeopardies and this should be disclosed to the populace so that they can take portion in the de statusination doing associating to the customs of this engineering and be able to forestall themselves from the possible jeopardies of nanotechnology and publish solutions to cut down these jeopardies. Some of the possible hazardeous lastingss of nanomaterials be that they major power penetrate the blood-br ain barrier all irregular good as the blood-lungs barrier. 4 Hazards like these join us all grounds to fear about jobs like asbestos 2.0 scenario, in which a considerable figure of merchandises incorporating nanomaterials might hold to be recalled from the market. There is already some grounds that certain nano tubings might hold belongingss similar to asbestos. Therefore, one can non be excessively certain for how long market participants, particularly consumers, willing be ready to accept populating under this Damocles blade of uncertainness. 5 More specific safety concerns include most notoriously the impacts of nanosilver s powerful healthful consequence on ecosystems, and the possible asbestos-like effectuate of certain signifiers of C nanotube in the lung. 6 But the problematic inquiry is that whether we argon ready to accept the discriminatory nanotechnology with all its disadvantages and throw effects. And be we prepared to battle the ailments of nanotechnology particularly when the degree of certainty haved to take action is really high. This is so because the toxic impact of the nanomaterials has non been wholly established to everyone s satisfaction.In this brief research, we try to seek whether the current Torahs can to cover with the jobs posed by the usage of nanomaterials or do we necessitate nano Torahs to cover with the unanticipated possible menaces. We similarly discuss effects of nanotechnology and speak about the function of public particular date in nanot echnologies and how it can attention work out the conflicting visions for nanotechnology and sustainability.The purpose of this research is to measure the importance of the function of public engagement in sustainable nanotechnology development. The survey will besides accomplish the undermentioned aimsBasic apprehension of nanotechnologyProfessionals and cons of nanotechnologyComparisons of policies and ordinances of nanotechnology of UK, US and ChinaThe importance of function of public engagement in nanotechnologyScience and engineering brings both the benefits every bit good as losingss for the society and environment. The importance of this survey is that it helps measure how public engagement can assist cut down the negative impacts of scientific discipline and engineering in the society and environment.The survey will seek and reply the undermentioned research inquiriesWhat is nanotechnologyWhat are its possible benefits and jeopardies?What is the importance of public engagem ent in the sustainable development of nanotechnology?The research is based on the aggregation of secondary informations. The information is extracted from a assortment of articles, diaries and books. Secondary research means that the information is gathitherd from publications, literatures, broadcast media and opposite non- pitying beginnings. The method used here for research is qualitative.Chapter 2NanotechnologyNanotechnology a signifier of molecular technology promises important societal benefits. The term nanotechnology encompasses an emerging household of heterogeneous engineerings including nanosciences and nanotechnologies enabling the use of affair at the atomic degree . 7 Nanotechnology is the new developing field of unifying scientific discipline and engineering. It is believed by its advocates that nanotechnology or Nano has the possible to alter the economic system and the criterions of life. 8 It is seen as agencies to longer, healthier life with riddance o f life threatening diseases. 9 Nanoscience is the survey of the cardinal rules of molecules and constructions with at least one dimension approximately between 1 and nose candy nanometres ( one-billionth of a metre, or 10-9 ) , otherwise known as the nanoscale. 10 Called nanostructures, these are the smallest solid things possible to do. 11 Nanotechnology is the ability to step, see, manipulate and industry things normally between 1 and degree Celsius nanometres. A nanometre is one billionth of a metre a human hair is approximately 100,000 nanometres broad. In 2007, the planetary market for goods integrating nanotechnology was 147 billion. Lux Research undertakings that figure will increase to $ 3.1 billion by 2015 12 .Nanoscience can be described as those who study constructions or objects with at least one dimension in the nanometer graduated table. The analysis of these constructions includes the word picture of their belongingss ( whether mechanical, electronic, optical, m agnetic, etc. ) the survey of interaction may hold with other nanostructures, with electromagnetic moving ridges, etc. , and the comment of phenomena that occur at this degree 13 . On the other manus, nanotechnology corresponds to the proficient capacity to modify and pull strings affair to develop functional constructions and devices with dimensions below 100 nanometers, for possible technological drills. For illustration, a construction typical of the devices produced by the microelectronics industry current would be 100s of times larger than a nanostructure with dimensions below a hardly a(prenominal) 10s of nanometres 14 .There is certain ramble of singularity in these nano atoms and the scientists use this singularity to develop merchandises. Even though the nanotechnology is still on its research ramification there are many articles/applications utilizing this engineering available in the market, such as miniaturized nanoscale detectors, and devices for screening DNA mo lecules, pigments, glare-reducing coating for spectacless and cars, organic visible radiation external respiration rectifying tubes used in laptop computing machines, cell phones, and digital cameras, featuring goods, cosmetics, stain-resistant vesture, and cosmetics, sunblocks.From the environment lieu point this engineering is both advantageous and disputing. The benefits include remediation, monitoring, and green production. For illustration, field trials indicate that Fe nanoparticles can be used to clean up dirt by neutralizing contaminations such as polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, and dioxin. Possibly the greatest promise that nanotechnologies hold for the environment, nevertheless, may be the mode in which they could basically alter the manner goods are make. Traditional fabrication requires big sums of natural stuffs bring forthing waste and regretful by merchandises in the procedure. Nanotechnology allows for edifice from the underside up utilizing merely those molecule s that are needed for the merchandise, thereby extinguishing waste at the beginning. 15 Sadly plenty even though nanotechnology is positively touching are modern lives in legion ways really small is known about the jeopardies of this engineering. The jeopardies are primarily related to the usage, industry and the disposal of merchandises prepared from nanotechnology. The informations associated with these hazards is really minimum and is nt easy available for the populace. Many feel that the sheer assortment of the applications, belongingss expressed, paths of exposure and agencies of disposal capture it peculiarly disputing to place, estimation, and pull off any hazards posed by nanotechnologies. Knowledge of the chemical belongingss of a substance when in majority may non assist previse how that substance will act at the nanoscale. For illustration, aluminium is inert when it takes the signifier of a sodium carbonate can, but is extremely explosive in nanoform. 16 The exceedin g features of nanomaterials, jointly with the wellness and environmental jeopardies, create what the Twenty Seventh Report of the UK s Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution ( RCEP ) refers to as a control quandary to which there are no simple and straightforward solutions. 17 A The state of affairs becomes even worse because of the fact that we are non cognizant of all possible jeopardies which these nanomaterials are capable of doing and accordingly no appropriate hazard direction government 18 can be established.The hard inquiries are non about theA legitimacyA of modulating on the footing of safety, but about theA acceptabilityA and theA certaintyA of the hazard. Safety concerns about nanomaterials by and large include inquiries about the ability of substances at the nanoscale to get the damp of some of the organic structure s natural defense mechanisms, such as tegument, lungs, or the brain/blood barrier, and their possible to prevail in the environment. 19 More spec ific safety concerns include most notoriously the impacts of nanosilver s powerful antimicrobic consequence on ecosystems, and the possible asbestos-like effects of certain signifiers of C nanotube in the lung. 20 A But there is still an on-going argument on jeopardies versus the benefits that this engineering brings with it.Although the Royal Commission on the Environmental Pollution ( RCEP ) is of the position that the bing ordinances have the capacity to cover with the apprehended hazard associated with the nonomaterial, the job is that they do non adequately do so. 21 Today nanotechnology is deriving a batch of attending and therefore it is really of import to pay attending to its social dimensions.Even though nanotechnology have found their manner into the bing ordinances it is still of import to modify some ordinances at heart bing models to reflect the jeopardy presented by free nanoparticles and nanotubes. It has been recommended by the RS/RAEng that all relevant regulati ve organic structures review the capacity of bing ordinances to protect worlds and the environment from possible jeopardies associated with the usage of nanomaterials. 22 Although it is felt by many that to a big extent the bing ordinances are adequate in integrated nanomaterials and the jeopardies caused by them but still there are some loopholes in the system. The averment that the current existing ordinances are adequate to integrate nanomaterials may be due to the fact that we are still incognizant of the possible dangers and menaces caused by these stuffs. This raises the inquiry that whether these ordinances are capable of accomplishing a nice degree of safety?Harmonizing to the RCEP study nanotechnologies are covered by a complex set of bing regulative governments in the Fieldss of consumer, public wellness and environmental protection. 23 However despite these regulative governments they still sometimes fail to account for 100 % safety. For this ground the RCEP came up wit h the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical Substances or gather. This has brought with it a immense alteration in the methodological analysis of covering with chemical substances. REACH does non incorporate anything specific refering nanotechnology it applies to new and existing chemicals and their usage, import and industry. Under this statute law it is mandatory for everyone covering with chemicals the makers, importers and other users to vouch that the chemicals used or manufactured does non negatively concern human wellness or the environment.It makes enrollment a compulsory demand for those covering with chemicals. This helps in obtaining relevant information about the chemicals organism dealt with by the makers or the importers, giving the European Chemicals Agency an chance to measure and look into chemicals. This manner the activities that are harmful for the human wellness and environment can be singled out and can be restricted.REACH helps in advancing informed, transparent and unfastened decision-making, and provides a advanced and flexible regulative model. However, its relevancy and application to nanomaterials is limited. While REACH is puting its accent on the metric tons of chemicals being released, we fail to gain the injury caused by them at nano degree, such as concerns associating to the inhalant of C nanotubes are non related, as such, to the measure of their production. Nanomaterials are evidently less likely to run into a tunnage threshold because, for any substance, there will be many more nanoparticles to the metric ton than larger atoms. 24 Although one might reason that these ordinances can be applied to all harmful substances irrespective of their size or signifier but it is besides true that for such ordinances to go applicable the injury should be apparent on a really big graduated table to present possible menace to human life and the environment. It is merely so that the usage of those peculia r categories of nanomaterials will be classified as unacceptable and banned by the competent governments, which is practically about impossible.Professionals AND CONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGYScience and engineering are clearly societal existences by the fact that they belong to the same society. However, persons of the society have absolute right of oppugning on the benefits or negative impacts a peculiar innovation or development engineering could hold on society. Therefore, possible developments like nanotechnology or any new engineering that comes on the market are evidently susceptible to such appraisal. There are many illustrations of engineerings with good repute beginning subsequently on nem con being rejected, and frailty versa. It is in the current epoch the mass media can be constructed to be the Judgess of possible injuries or benefits of new engineerings. The chief job frequently viewed on the topic of unfavorable judgment is to acquire the public create their ain thought to ha ppen the balance between the pros and cons 25 . This has happened historically with applications in the field of energy atomic, with the usage of assorted types of radiation, and more late with development of genetically modified beings, cloning and technology, merely to call a few.ProfessionalsThe possible application countries in which scientists say nanotechnology will impact positively are Storage, production and energy transition, Increase in agricultural productiveness and pest sensing, Wastewater intervention and air pollution solutions, Diagnosis, monitoring and remedy of diseases systems drug disposal, Processing of nutrient and other consumer goods, New stuffs for assorted industries ( fabrics, automotive, building, picture, athleticss ) , General development of nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and bioelectronics and much more.ConEric Drexler in his book The Rise of the machines to make was the first to convey to the cognition of the general populace an overview of this new molecular engineering 26 . That describes non merely the tremendous capacity and possible nanotechnology, but besides the impact it may hold on the Fieldss medical, environmental and economic, every bit good as the hazards and frights associated 27 . However, many surveies are still pursuance to find the impact of the nutrient produced from these GMOs in the wellness of consumers or environment in the short and long term.These ruinous visions about the possible negative deductions of developments in nanotechnology have non stopped the immense investings economic assistance for research in nanoscience and nanotechnology by big transnational companies in all industries and public in developed states. Unfortunately, it besides spends big sums of money to analyze the possible applications of Military nanotechnology. With horror we hear about arms biological / chemical computerized sufficiently intelligent devices little to avoid sensing, smart arms to kill merely soldier enemies and non guiltless people, etc. As we have seen, nanotechnology has a character genuinely multidisciplinary, with many possible application Fieldss for their development ( wellness, communications, ecology, nutrient, military, etca ) . So if we assess their impact on human activities as diverse, it is non we can non generalise and utilize the good-bad duality for making 28 . We realize that all the possible utilizations and hazards unwanted potency of nanotechnology are straight related.It is obvious that big corporations seeking to retrieve their investing and multiply in the shortest clip possible regardless of possible negative effects the engineering may hold on consumer and worker wellness or the environment 29 . The fact is that consumer ends up being a surety of large companies. For the state of affairs seems more awful and a grade of cynicism, so does with military applications in which the side that develops engineering will last no peculiar usage to their advantage to rule his opposition.However, due to the rapid development of scientific and chair a small the great duty of scientists to society, we can state that sometimes they are unable to spot in the short term possible negative impacts or that could hold applications in the hereafter their surveies, particularly when it comes to basic scientific discipline research or cardinal.The job with nanomaterials is that their dimensions are similar to some biological molecules and so they are really much capable of interacting with the biological molecules. These nanomaterials can travel within the organic structure of populating beings including worlds and can subdue cell membranes and reach the blood and variety meats like liver and bosom of the life organic structure. The indissoluble nanoparticles pose a greater menace to the human organic structure as they can lodge with within the organic structure for a longer clip.The nanoparticles which are inhaled by the human organic structure have the discep tation of attaching itself to the lungs and thereby travel to assorted other variety meats and even damage the fetus in instance of pregnant adult females. These inhaled nanomateirals might take a toxic signifier within the human organic structure and cause lung redness and other jobs. Although the nanoparticles are used in drungs to represent as a drug bearer and present more drugs to the mark cells but sometimes it becomes really difficult to separate the toxic atoms from the remainder, illustration the nanoparticles have the potency to traverse the blood encephalon barrier and present the drugs straight to the encephalon. However in stead of the limited information available about the sick effects of these nanoparticles it is rather possible for them to be toxic to the encephalon.The information on the side effects is scarce, it is expected to be much worse than what is known besides the effects are dependent on a scope of factors like age, unsusceptibility, presence of other po llutants, wellness jobs etc.Apart from the above discussed sick effects its sad to describe that there are about no publications on the sick effects of nanoparticles on animate beings and workss in the environment. Owing to the nature and inclination of the nanoparticles to attach with the cells and cross cellular membranes it can non be denied that they cause some serious harm to the works and carnal life along with human life. glum indissoluble nanoparticles may do jobs in the environment that are much greater than those revealed by human wellness appraisals. 30 CONCLUSION- ARE THE METHODOLOGIES AVAILABLE TO respect THE HAZARDS ADEQUATE?With respect to this inquiry the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks ( SCENIHR ) is of the sentiment that although the bing methods seem appropriate but they are decidedly non adequate to turn to all sorts of environmental menaces. More specifically, the manner of bringing of the nanoparticle to the trial system sh ould adequately reflect the exposure scenarios. Extra trials may be needed. Besides showing the dosage of exposure in footings of mass alone is non sufficient it besides needs to be expressed in footings of replete(p) surface country, figure of atoms, or a combination of the two. The bing methods used for environmental exposure appraisal are non need entirey allow. Therefore, the current hazard appraisal processs require alteration for nanoparticles. 31 Besides harmonizing to SCENIHR despite the fact that there is an increasing focal point on the nanotechnology there is still insufficient cognition and informations refering nanoparticle word picture, their sensing and measuring, the destiny ( and particularly the continuity ) of nanoparticles in worlds and in the environment, and all facets of toxicology and environmental toxicology related to nanoparticles, to let for satisfactory hazard appraisals for worlds and ecosystems to be performed. 32 The SCENIHR steering was of the p osition that there are certain positions that need to be filled for an improved hazard appraisal for the merchandises and these include the word picture of mechanics, dynamicss, production and facility of the nanotechnology and nanoparticles. Besides data on the toxicokinetic informations to place the mark variety meats and to determine the effects of the nano sized atoms on them. Harmonizing to the commission it is besides of import to hold full information of the occupational exposure and other possible wellness jeopardies on the workers who are involved in managing these nanosized atoms.

Finding Inner Peace Essay

Being at peace with ones inner self sounds inviting exactly some aspects of many different religions can be hard to grasp at magazines. While most religions influence early(a)s, some have ideas and beliefs from sources unknown. Hindiism and Budhism are devil of many religions. Having many similarities, their differences are what make them unique. Hindus have many gods, polytheism, and Buddhist mean in finding ones inner peace. They both commission more(prenominal) on ones inner self rather than on religion its self. The word Hinduism came from a Persian word Sindhu that relates to the Indus River that is placed in northwest India.Arabs, Persians, and Afghans were the first to use the word Hindu to describe those coming from the area around this river. (Tillman and Cason 09) Some historians say that Hinduism can be traced tooshie to the ancient Indus Valley civilization which would make Hinduism over 4,000 years old, which makes it extremely hard to say when it actually began . Most historians divide Hinduism into many overlapping periods in history. The first period is pre-Hindu. Pre-Hindu dates around 2000 B. C. and not much is known former(a) than evidence says that is religion was centered on fertility gods and water quality.Between 2000 and 1500 B. C. , a new religion began to emerge in India, Vedas. This religion was sacrificed-based and centered around fire. They gave up animals as sacrifice for in turn their gods, devas, and would give good crops and wealth. The future(a) era of Hinduism is called classical Hinduism and began sometime around 500 B. C. During this period is when many new gods, goddesses, and rituals emerge that are based on earlier practices. At this time is when being devoted to the god or goddess of ones liking started. (patheos. com, Hinduism Beginnings) Hindus believe in multiple gods and reincarnation.With that said, a god can be any living organism. A god can be even a fire or storm. It is said, that in the Hindu religion t here are 330 million gods (Tillman and Cason 09). There is no one that can worship all these gods at once, so the individual choose just one god to serve. Triune godhead is the name inclined to the three aspect of the Supreme Reality. The Supreme Reality is the brahman, Vishnu and the Shiva. The Triune godhead is also known as the Trimurti or the trinity. The Trimurti godhead is the head of all the gods be pillow slip of what it represents.The Brahma is the creator god, Lord and Father of all things and represents birth. Vishnu is the preserver of the universe and represents biography and the Siva is the creator of power and represents destruction and demise. Reincarnation means rebirth or how the soul leaves the body and begins a new keep in another body. The Samsara, the stave of life is said to be the core religion belief of the Hindu religion. Under the cycle of life there are four ways that you can reap the Samsara. There are the Dharma, Artha, Kama and the Moksha.Dharma i s the moral code that sustains the Hindu ociety. The Dharma is feeling to be a duty and righteousness and observes the caste which is the social group of ones birth. The Dharma is the natural universe of law that enable human to be happy and to save one self from suffering and degradation. It is also known as the Law of being that things cannot exist without. Artha is the life cycle of material pull ahead or possession. This cycle of life have to do with politics and commerce which is the means to sustain human activity. In the Hindu society they do not believe that the pursuit of wealth corrupt the soul.A ouse holder requires wealth, because he has to perform many duties for his family. The life cycle of Artha includes achieving widespread fame and elevates social standing for the individual. Kama is the life cycle of desire it is understood to also mean sexual desire. Kama can mean liberation and happiness in life or it can protract to great hindrance for the individual. Sexual activity is an obligatory duty and not to be use for just enjoyment. The sensual nature of human is important to the Hindus for they do not believe that sex is bad.Sexual relationship outside of arriage is not permitted. Kama is not only for desire but it can also be for other pleasure in your life such as culture art (Jayaram 09-10). Moksha is the spiritual release of life. Moksha is the end of death and rebirth. Hindus believe that the soul passes through this cycle and how you live the previous life will determined your incarnation. Moksha can be achieve through many lifetimes, this process require a loss of life and things in life. Karma is also needed for this cycle to balance the fulfillment of a person duty (Tillman and Cason 09).Buddhism, however, beliefs are enlightenment, personal peace, and love and compassion without attachment. Buddhism evolved from the beliefs and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. Siddhartha Gautama, who was originally a Hindu, was born a prince in 623 B. C. in Lumbini, India and became the Buddha. He began to see that his only obstacle was his own self. His first sermon was in deer park ripe Benares, now called Varanasi (Tillman and Cason 09). There are 2 main expressions of Buddhism Theravada expression and Mahayana expression which represent the north and souths adaption to Buddhism.Theravada expression, the lesser vehicle, is the southern viewpoint. This expression comes instanter from Buddha and his original followers. Theravada Buddhists main goal is to reach arhat. Arhat means perfect saint. Theravadas do not believe in a god. They believe that the universe creates and recreates itself a million times a second (Tillman and Cason 09). Theravada expression also teaches that not every one can practice Buddhism. Mahayana expression, on the other hand, believes anyone can reach enlightenment and reach it in one lifetime un exchangeable many as the Theravadas believe.Mahayana help people become bodhisattva, living saints. som e(prenominal) Theravadas and Mahayanas accept the Pali canon and Tripitaka as scripture. One of the core beliefs of Buddhism is the belief in the Four Noble Truths. These truths, laid out by Siddhartha, are the beginning of understanding. gibe the the Four Noble Truths, life is suffering. Suffering begins at birth, illness is suffered through life, and fear of death also brings suffering. The cause of human suffering is desire, or tanha. Our desires cause us suffering because we want what we cannot have.In order to remove suffering, one must remove desire. The way to remove desire is another philosophical system of Buddhism the eightfold Path. The Eightfold Path provides a eioght parts that allow a human to remove their misery. The eight parts are as follows right understanding, mindedness, speech, action, livelihood, effort, meditation, and emancipation. Another doctrine of Buddhism is the Golden Mean, a philosophy expressed by Siddhartha. It is the middle of the path of no ex tremes, and focuses on moderation. Hinduism and Buddhism have many similarities, having both originated in India.Hinduism and Buddhism are more philosophical than religious, and describe an all encompassing philosophy and define existence itself. Both religions have their own versions of Tantra, and believe in certain spiritual practices like meditation, concentration, cultivation of certain bhavas or states of mind. The cycle of death and rebirth, governed by Karma, is referred to as samsara. According to Hinduism, the soul is immortal, while the body is subject to birth, decay, old age and death The Buddhist definition of right conduct and personal obligations, dharma is the path which must be taken to escape the suffering of worldly life.Dharma defines correct living for a Hindu. The practice of Yoga is intimately connected to the religious beliefs and practices of both Buddhism and Hinduism. They both emphasize compassion and non violence towards all living beings. Alike and dif ferent all at one time the main point is to find ones true self and find inner peace. Hinduism dates back thousands of years and Buddhism can be pin pointed. Yet, each religion has a very similar message. Doesnt every religion have a similar message when it comes to life? get laid in peace and harmony, and find happiness in whatever you do.

Swot Analyss

Strengths Comar chemicals is regarded as a leader in the tyre and paint diligence. This phenomenon is ascribed to the following strengths Contracts in entrust with Goodyear, Continental, Plascon, Bridgestone, Dunlop, and Michelin. crop quality of the highest standard. Automated rig command systems in place, constant in- w arion quality surmount tests controlled by chemical director, Vernon Redding. Compliant raw materials with specifications ar being utilised. Succession planning in place since the appointment of Stefan as operational manager. This person is ear marked to substitute Vernon Redding, in the event of his departure.Buy and sell agreement entered into by directors, Udo Eric Eichrodt and Dieter Roland. Management team is experienced and highly qualified. Udo Eric Eichrodt 30 years BComm Marketing Management Dieter Roland 29 years Bcomm Investment Management Vernon Redding 45 years PhD chemical science Stefan 12 years BScHons Chemistry May Rossouw 24 years BCom mHons (Management Accounting) Nicki de Villiers 15 years MComm (Transport Economics) Low staff sprainover. The companionship invests in staff morale as it understands it to be its biggest as repose. BEE Status 20% black owned, Vernon Redding, Indian.Promotes caper in southwestward Africa and abroad. ISO 90012008 Certified (International Organization for Standardization. ) Little trouble has been encountered in the past to comply with minimum standards required by this certification. straight-out annual audited financial statements. This is testament to good governance practiced. Low gearing, although non- reliable assets ar shown at R4m. Market value of plant and property exceeds R20m. Company is liquid, considering current assets to current liabilities ratio of 41. Comar chemicals operates from totally owned premises. European Safety & Reliability Association (ESRA) certified. Toxic waste is dealt with in a responsible and reliable manner. pollution of ground is highly unli kely as the company places a high premium on going green. Flexibility and research development sees ongoing sustainability. Product reliability. Order tracking procedure and commitment of staff ensures a good reputation of the company. Absolute advantage, ability to produce specific product more(prenominal) expeditiously than any other nation. Factors of production be relatively cheaper than any other country. Zero tolerance for human error.The company has strict rules and procedures that need to be followed to ensure the mainstay of the barter. Disciplinary actions are taken against culprits, which could lead to dismissal. Weaknesses The following weaknesses have been identified Comar Chemicals is faced with multiple taxes due to the fact that it is a multinational endeavor that runs in various different contries. Operating in various different countries leads to multiple tax jurisdictions. Multiple tax jurisdictions may lead to the overlapping of taxes and the company may e nd up with a double taxation. (1) The economic model introduces some weaknesses to the company.There are various factors that affect the economic activity of Comar Chemicals. These include the option limitations placed on the companys ability to obtain certain chemicals or the availability of chemicals needed in the factors of production. Environmental or geographical constraints sens increase their expenses due to extra transportation embodys for raw materials and finished goods. The factory could be situated in an area which is prone to seasonal crowing weather (Cape Town). This could slow down the process of moving materials and Comar Chemicals ordain bear the economic impact of a loss of effectiveness revenue and increased costs.Theirs will in any case be certain institutional and legal requirements that Comar Chemicals will have to follow and they will vary in the three different countries that they operate in, South Africa, Switzerland and Germany. Comar Chemicals may h ave to adhere to different legal levels of Co2 production that they create during their production process and will have to regulate these levels in residence with the legal levels set by the government. Comar Chemicals has no buy and sell agreement supported by life insurance.A buy and sell agreement is a screening legal document that governs the conditions if a co-owner dies or is otherwise forced to leave the line of credit. The fact that thither is no buy and sell agreement supported by life height means that if owner of the company passes way or is forced to leave the wrinkle then all the debt or liabilities incurred by the byplay will be left to the c pull backst relative of the owner. This could lead to a liquidation of the business if there is no insurance cover. Therefore the business is non completely safe in the case of a personal crisis within the business. 2) Promotion for staff is limited due the low staff turnover that Comar Chemicals has. Comar Chemicals has a total of 38 employees that includes two scientists, one accountant and one logistics manager. This squeeze out withal be seen as a strength however the fact that there are so few employees, there are few promotions to employees. This discount ca wont employees to fix less motivated towards their job and company and in turn this could decrease the total production and the total efficiency of production. Employee empowerment is the act of giving more responsibility to workers in the work place. 3) The empowerment of staff can lead to a weakness within Comar Chemicals due to the fact that firstly, the business has a relatively small number of employees. This can lead to an increase in conflict between the employees as to why one employee has been empowered more than another. This can cause bad interpersonal relationships between employees. Empowerment can also be a weakness if the wrong employee has been empowered to take on a certain task or manage a project that he or she has no t been specifically trained for. This could create problems within the managerial and operational sectors of Comar Chemicals.If empowerment of employees is going to be an on-going activity at Comar Chemicals then it has to be carried out in a way that makes sure that the right employees are being empowered for the right reasons. Comar Chemicals has no key man insurance. This is very identical to the absence of a buy and sells agreement, supported by life cover that was previously mentioned. Key man insurance is an insurance policy that is takes out by the business to compensate for financial losses that would arise from the death or extended incapacity of an important member of the business.Key man insurance can cover many insurable losses that include, losses related to the period when the key person was unable to work and insurance to protect profits, insurance to protect shareholders and coalition agreements. Without key man insurance, Comar Chemicals is vulnerable to the chanc e that something happens to the owner and there is no protection or financial security for the business in the future. (4) Opportunities There are many opportunities for Comar Chemicals to utilise to maximise their business productivity and profitability. There are two types of opportunities, external and internal.External opportunities affect the organisation due to independent factors. Internal opportunities go within the firm. Opportunities, when realised, can have enormous rewards for the business if the opportunities are exploited correctly. An opportunity is indication of positive potential that can help a business increase its success. Possible sources of business opportunities in most industries and grocery stores include Potential Business Opportunities Technological innovation New demand Market growth demographic change Social or lifestyle change Government spending programmesHigher economic growthTrade liberalisation EU enlargement Diversification opportunity Deregulati on of the market The opportunities that Comar can use to their advantage are import quotas, developing markets, revising job descriptions/digressions, improving competitive levels, forward swap cover, Solar power, life policies, connection with universities and joint development with customers. An Import Quota is like a form of protection. It fixes the tot of products a foreign producing firm is allowed to bring into a country over a specific time period, which is usually a year.The objective of an import quota is to limit imports into a country therefore encouraging the use of domestic help products and services, as the amount of the good being imported is limited the price of the specific good increases therefore domestic firms benefit. Comar, being situated in South Africa, Switzerland and Germany, can use this as an opportunity by increasing domestic employment. There will be a larger demand for Comar Chemicals because import quotas will make it more expensive to import thes e goods from outside(a) competitors.This will encourage Comar to employ more citizens that are qualified for the job because of the expanding demand of their product and the need for increased cranch and skills in the organisation. Comar is a small business, with 38 employees including two scientists, an accountant and a logistics specialist. Comar is 14 years old, which is relatively young compared to it competitors therefore it can be considered an infant industry which is still developing and is not big enough to compete fairly.Import quotas allow Comar to mature onto a same competitive level as international organisations. South Africa is a developing country and the market for metal carboxylates is expanding with the increase of paint and coatings, printing inks and chemical industry, polyester industry, grease and gear oils industry and PolyButadiene, Isoperene Butadine and Copolymers industry. With the increase of verbal expression and manufacturing in South Africa, these industries are in higher demand than ever before. Comar can improve their competing levels through product quality.Quality relates to appropriate use how well a product does what it is intended to do. This can include a compliance of raw materials with specifications, detailed manufacturing and quality control test procedures, in-production tests of final products, introduction of automated plant control systems. These quality control methods leave little room for error, positioning the product on a high level of quality which will lead to a smart modern working environment and a reflection of the quality of the business as a whole.Comars leading product is COMCAT, which inclueds a lofty earth catalyst which is used in the synthetic rubber industry to manufacture advanced rubber tyres making tyres softer but more durable which in turn lowers the level of CO2 emissions from vehicles. This gives Comar a competitive advantage as their products are also helping the environment and d ecreasing the level of harm through innovative products, which will draw the attraction of buyers.There can often be discrepancies about the actual responsibilities, tasks and duties of a certain position within the organization this can be managed by revising job descriptions. There must be an accurate reflection of the true functions and responsibilities for a job description to be effective. A comprehensive job description can be used in management to measure employee performance and employees can use the job description as a guideline to comprehend the expectations of the position. This can lead to improved productivity and ohesiveness within the organization to help realize the organizations objectives and goals. Comar can use the opportunity to become knotted with universities to further their research and provide university departments with their expertise of the product to evolve students into potential employees of their firm or for that specific industry. For example, Com ar could give bursaries to deserved students to pay for their studies in a BSC, specializing in COMCAT (PolyButadiene, Isoperene Butadine and Copolymers industry).They could provide all the necessary tools (research, expertise, information) in order to establish awareness of this specific product and market the need for this specific scientist in this field. Joint development with customers involves a good relationship between the manufacturer and the customer. The manufacturer must be enthusiastic and prepared to open up its cursory practices and activities to its customers, this will give the customer the opportunity to carefully scrutinize and evaluate the ways in which the manufacturer operates, during the production process, and the quality of the finished products.An important smother when dealing with joint development with customers is communication. When there is a healthy line of communication between the manufacturer and the customer, there can be am stand in of ideas between parties leading to effective production and customer satisfaction. Threats Threats are conditions in the business environment that are uncontrollable and have the potential to harm business profitability. One of the most common threats is competitors. There are a number of threats that Comar may face, including future trends in the specific field, social issues, the economy, funding, demographics and the physical environment.When observing the potential threats that Comar may face, the following needs to be determined the obstacles Comar may face, competitors activity, quality standards and changing technology. Threats can be divided into two categories namely, industry threats, an increase in competition or a decrease in the market size, and macro threats, threats that affect all industries in Comars area. Possible sources of business threats include Potential Business Threats New market entrants Change in customer tastes or needs Demographic change Consolidation among buye rsNew regulationsEconomic downturn splay of low cost production abroad Higher input prices New substitute products Competitive price pressure A potential threat Comar may face is the diversity. Diversity is often defined as a positive term for a business, but it also comes with threats that have the potential to ruin productivity. Comar has a diverse workforce, co-workers each have different experiences and perceptions as they have all come from different backgrounds. This could cause cultural clashes which can decrease productivity and gluiness of the business as a whole.Comar could also experience divisions in staff members due to the formation of cliques and other groups, this can create competition between employees alternatively than teamwork, a lack of respect amongst one another and this could lead to costly diversity training to resolve diversity issues within the organisation. Comar has a diverse leaf node base as their company is also situated in Switzerland and Germany . It is therefore crucial for Comar have a bi-lingual customer service, if they do not they will lose a massive amount of clientele as there needs to be effective communication between the two parties in order for the business to be successful.Social issues in the business environment may be a threat to Comar. A social system is a pooling of ideas, attitudes and behaviour which are involved in human relations and interactions. Comar is influenced by its customers attitudes and behaviour, if they are negative relationships within the organisation this could dampen productivity and decrease business profitability and if there are social issues external to the organisation, such as political unrest, could affect consumer behaviour negatively and affect the success of the business.The political and legal system can also pose as a threat to Comar, as business have to follow the specific regulations as set out for them by the government, it creates a set of rules and guidelines that busin ess are expected to adhere by, if a business does not there could be serious consequences that could lead to decreased profitability and even as far as a business being banned. The monetary system facilitates business exchange. Monetary activity has distinct basic functions, namely saving, borrowing, spending and earning, which are all linked to business profitability.Comar has to pay careful attention to all these activities because each of these factors can easily turn into a threat for the business. There are many different parties involved when dealing with money, they are financial institutions, debtors, creditors, customers and suppliers. The interest rate is very important when Comar is dealing with its monetary activities, when an interest rate is high, it increases Comars costs and will limit the amount of spending that Comar can participate in.Exchange rates are the value of one nations currency in comparison to another. It is very important when determining a businesss ef fectiveness and whether it will serve as an opportunity or a threat. Comar is a company that does business in South Africa and globally, therefore exchange rates will have an enormous effect on the profitability. When Comar exchanges its products over national borders do another currency to become involve, fluctuations in exchange rates can lead to profits or losses for Comar.Comar is at an advantage when the rand is relatively hearty compared to the currency that the organisation is trading with. When the rand is weak compared to the business it is doing the exchange with, Comar is at a disadvantage as it will be more costly to exchange products across borders. A massive threat that Comar faces is import duty, which is a tax on goods imported into a country. This causes prices to be higher because of the tax cost involved. This cost is passed onto consumers at higher prices, which in turn can lead to consumer dissatisfaction and a loss in clients.Trade restrictions were introduce d to restrict importing for many reasons, mainly to protect domestic industries. There are two types of restrictions, tariffs and non-tariffs. Non-tariffs include, methods such as embargo, import quota which is a limitation on the amount of goods a business is allowed to import, foreign exchange control and currency devaluation. These trade restrictions pose a massive threat to Comar because the organisation is continuously trading over borders and having to deal with trade restrictions, which will inevitably blockade profitability.

Law 421 Week 2

Role and Functions of Law Paper Amber Freetage Law/421 November 19, 2012 Eric Nord No matter where we ar in our country, we are surrounded by many of them, and guarded by few. Some are short some are long scarce no matter what they control ein truth potential move we make twenty-four hour period in and day out. We are talking about laws. By definition laws are, a rule or great deal of rules, enforceable by the courts, regulating the government of a state, the relationship between the organs of government and the subjects of the state, and the relationship or manoeuver of subjects towards each other, (Law.N. d. ). Over the years, our laws take in changed and been added to in order to protect not only us as individuals but our businesses as well. Even though there have been limits placed by the U. S. Supreme Court, our Congress still exercises very broad powers to pass laws where the performance being regulated affects interstate commerce in any way (Chapter Two. P. 32). they h ave the authority to maintain channels of interstate commerce, the instrumentalities of interstate commerce, and the articles moving in interstate commerce.For our business this means that the Congress gets to have control or at least the final say with any involvement with vehicles used in shipping, our railways, and our beloved highways. Meaning any business legal proceeding that are from state to state or across country the Congress potty step in and change things to accommodate the law. For our business that rely on tourists, which many of our ocean front citys do, it means that the cost for being open, staying open, and selling prices of items may be affected.This is true because Congress has the power to tax the citizenry and to spend the federal governments money in any way that they see fit, as long as it generates common disaffirmation and general welfare. Another use of commerce power is within the Civil Rights Legislation. This commerce power is one that has affected our businesses, schools, and everyday lives because it gave Congress the power to oust any form of discrimination in places of public use (hotels, restaurants, stores).Placing this ban against discrimination allowed everyone the chance to shop, stay, work, and eat wherever they chose because those businesses made purchases or held business activity out of state. States often wish to regulate commerce that crosses into their state borders. States are free to regulate commerce so long as (1) it does not overturn a discriminatory law (such as a tax) on out-of-state businesses, and (2) the state law is a legitimate effort to regulate health, safety, and welfare, (Chapter Two. P. 35)While we cannot go into deep particular of every law that regulates and mandates us to maintain a strict lifestyle or to keep a legit businesss doors open it is very of the essence(p) that laws are taken seriously so that lawsuits are prevented and as individuals, we are not put behind bars. While laws ca n be hard to understand, the ones that match to us as people are known or learned from experience or from our teachings. As a business owner take the snip to know what guidelines we must follow in order to keep our job.In a previous employment position, knowing the laws came to be very informative. Federal laws are set to every state and no one can change them, except for the President, or Congress if all in agreement or high votes, but get to know the state laws where you reside. In a previous occupation, learning the laws became much easier when pointed in the right direction. As a full time employee, running(a) no less than eight hours a day it became very apparent that I should be entitled to a break of some sort, but was not given one.After a few other employees started to mention this as well, we began to look into what we were supposed to be given as a break. To our surprise in an eight-hour day we should be given no less than a thirty minute break for lunch and two ten mi nute breaks to use throughout the day, agree to the State work laws. However, when we looked through our employee handbook, breaks are not mentioned at all. When we asked management about the issue we were told, Your breaks are in between customers. A little radical but okay so we kept asking and we found out that since North Carolina is a right to work state there is nothing we can do but work as we are scheduled without breaks or be in fear of losing our job all together. So, you see laws are very important to learn and keep up with because you can be getting taken advantage of without even knowing what you are entitled. References Chapter Two Business and the character (p. 32-35). (n. d. ). Retrieved November 19, 2012 Law. (n. d. ). Collins English Dictionary Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved November 19, 2012, from Dictionary. com

Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo Essay

black lovage Dumas The counting of Monte Cristo is founded upon historical events and semipolitical intrigue. He non only go fors historical incidents to help the subscriber understand, he alike weaves such details into the story to make it possible for his reader to have an mind of the current events that were taking pasture in France, during that time (from approx. 1815 through 1838). Dumas would want his readers to be familiar with cut history, and to have it in their mind as they read his be hit the sackd level.In the 1800s Marseilles was 1 of the largest ports in the south of France with a population between 93,000 and 110,000, thus trade flourished and it was home to worldly concerny merchants, and businesses (Marseilles). This is where our story of punish get offs. Marseilles was the hometown of Edmond who we meet as a nave sailor who is later to become impris atomic number 53d as a political criminal, and altered for conduct. Marseilles was also the home to b oth Edmonds father who dies of hunger soon by and by his son was impris one and only(a)d, and Edmonds beautiful, and noble fianc Mercedes who was a poor, Catalan. After Dantes imprisonment Mercedes cared for his father until he passed. She lost faith of Dantes ever being released from prison and bottom by her side, there for she felt she had no choice but to espouse Fernand Mondego when he asked for her hand in marriage. Fernand Mondego was the jealous fisherman who also betrayed Dantes because he too was in love with Mercedes.Mondego saw, and seized the opportunity to thwart their love for one another. Military success brought Mondego a fortune, which allowed him to change his name to Count de Morcef, making Mercedes the Countess. The Morrel family (the owners of the enthrall, Pharaon), were also residents of Marseilles. Mr. Morrel felt a great deal of compassion for Dantes family which compelled him to not only apparel with great effort, his time and money in an attempt to k eep Dantes from an un-warranted life in prison but, he also paid for Dantes fathers burial. The cards were stacked against Dantes, and even with the assistance of M. Morrel, his future was written. at one time Edmond flaild from prison he visited M. Morrel who was in the depths of despair, and contemplating thoughts of suicide because he could no bulkyer lose him ego financially.Dantes seeing him as a righteous man who had once gone to great lengths, and knowing the efforts taken by Morrel in attempt to save him from prison, Dantes felt compelled, and anonymously made a financial plowshare to Morrel, which, saved him from ruin. While Dantes never revealed himself as the contributor Morrel suspected that it was he, and on his deathbed Morrel explains to his family that he be untruthves that their finical saviour was thusly Edmond Dantes. The prosecutor of Marseilles, who was ultimately responsible for Dantes incarceration, was Monsieur de Vellefort. Velleforts father was a k nown Bonapartist. Vellefort who disagreed with his fathers stance, and as the prosecutor make updly took an extremely harsh stance on his policy in relations with Bonapartist conspirators. Vellefort sought to protect his own name by placing Edmond in prison as a political conspirator because he knew, and feared the letter Dantes carried could be traced back to his (Velleforts) father so, he used his power in a misguided manor to which he would later suffer at the hands of Dantes.Danglars was a man driven by non-other than jealousy who also lived in Marseilles at the time. He despised that Dantes had been advanced to maestro of the Pharaon instead of him, and sought out a plot in which Dantes could be caught with the letter to tarnish his name, going Danglars the only choice to fill his role as captain. After Edmonds imprisonment Danglars indeed became the captain and eventually graduated his position to a banker. As a banker he was adequate to bring forth an incredible fortune where he thusly became a Baron. In the end Monte Cristo destroyed Danglars by destroying his fortune. Dumas manipulationly created each of these characters to have beginning in a position of poverty, showing us how they were both villainous in their rise to fortune, and would ultimately be ruined by Dantesrevenge.Or, Dumas showed the character to be righteous with their fortune, and power eventually to be saved, or spared by our protagonist. He also showed us these characters progression from the behind of the socioeconomic structure, eventually prospering into wealth, their bye showing us, the reader there were no misgivings of old money or new during these times in France. Each of these characters rose in the echelons, and were afforded the ability to acquire a surname and were able re-create themselves in spite of appearance society in a manner to which they deemed worthy of their amassed fortunes. This ability for one to somewhat procure a title pass ons us a great sens e of the changes that were taking place during that time, it was no longer about being of royal blood that gave you credibility, or worthiness, but about how securely one worked to further themselves and gain their fortune.In the opening scenes of the story Danglars, who is the ships supercargo reports to the ships owner once they docked in Marseilles, that Edmond, performing on what was the last dying wish of his captain, had stopped at the island of Elba to retrieve a letter that was turn to to Noirtier (Dumas 5). In fulfilling his captains last dyeing wish, Edmonds unknowingly retrieved a letter from cat sleep personally, making it bug out as though he was conspiring with the then exiled Napolean, and that he himself was a Bonapartist. Napoleon had been a soldier and then went on to become Emperor of France in the early 1800s. It was after the cut Revolution that Napoleon was choose First consul of France. Napoleon made many a(prenominal) great changes for his country. He brought much needed structure back to France.He began by implementing better education, paying get through Frances debt, and changing the structure of his army. He allowed not only the affluent to rise within the ranks, but affording the impoverished the same opportunity of growth within the ranks as they proved their worth, and showcased their talents. Napoleans army was no longer based upon economic stature, but one that afforded an equal playing field to every man (as long as they were anglo). Napoleon also apply this same thought process into the civilian realm of France as well. In an attempt to expand Frances territory he invaded Russia. This invasion turned out to be one of Napoleons sterling(prenominal) defeats. During this great siege Napoleon was out maneuvered by Russias Alexander I, this resulted in a defeat, and a loss of almost 500,000 French troops.Soon after he stepped down as consul and was banished to the island of Elba. During this time, there were citizens who quieten loved and supported what he had done for France these people were considered to be Bonapartists. There were also members of the French grandness (and much of Europes) who despised Napoleon, they wanted zero more than to see him removed they called themselves royalists. Dumas wanted this all the way defined so the reader would feel the internal power struggle between Bonapartist and Royalists.One of these royalists was a man named Villefort. He happened to be the prosecutor Edmonds faced in Marseilles. Villefort knew full well that Edmond was an innocent man, and not a Bonapartist, but made a calculated decision to protect his own ambitions, because it was his (Villeforts) fathers name that was mentioned in the letter that Edmonds had carried back from Napoleon. His father was a known Bonapartist, so in an effort to show support to the royalists, and put a damper on the Bonapartist efforts, Villefort secretly sentenced Edmond to the political prison of Chateau dif.Dantes was thrown into Chateau d if, and forgotten for fourteen years. During the foremost few years of his imprisonment Dantes father died of starvation, and Mercedes married Fernand both of which he is completely unaware of. As time passed he became more and more delusional, and even began to contemplate suicide. altogether the while, his former employer Morrel made efforts to locate Dontes in an attempt to try to have him released, but was unable to summon his situation. The Chateau dif, where our fictional character Dantes was imprisoned, was in fact an actual prison fortress. It was built by the French King Francis I in 1524 on an island in the bay approximately one mile off the coast of Marseille (Chateau dif). Its was originally designed and was intended to be a defense utensil against would be attackers of Marseille, but soon became the home to, 3,500 Huguenots (French Protestants) who earned their keep as galley slaves(Marseille-Provence).This rocky, beach face up setting i s where Edmond Dantes was doomed to carry out his unwarranted sentence, and spent fourteen long years of his life just a stone throw away from Marseille, yet no one could locate him. many a(prenominal) of the chateaus actual guests seem to have had the common theme of being unwarranted prisoners. It was not funny during the time for individuals to be imprisoned without trial under so-called lettres de cachet, supposedly signed by the King, for insignificant misdemeanors (a popular ploy used by moneyed families to get rid of unruly offspring without create a public scandal)(Marseille-Provence). Funnily enough, one of Napoleons Civil Codes warranted it legal for a father to imprison a child for up to 1 month. Many of the Chateaus inhabitants were lost in the shuffle, and locked up for as long as the family desired. This island for misfits, and unwanted relatives is also the location where Dantes befriends Abbe Faria, who was also a political prisoner.The both prisoners meet when the Abbe was attempting to turn over his way to freedom however, a miscalculation brought him directly into Dantes cell, instead of out to the freedom he had desired. The two newly found friends spent the next few years passing their time. Abbe dedicated himself to the task of educating Dantes in science, literature languages. He also helps Dantes figure out whom it was that played key parts, and were ultimate responsibility lie for his incarceration. At some point Abbe began to think of Dantes as the son he never had, and confided in Dantes the location to the hidden fortune. Together the two began planning their daring escape, knowing all the while that any escape plan would be difficult, if not impossible due to the fact that the prison is completely surrounded by water, and much of the island had vertical cliff walls that would raise the likelihood of injury if not death, while escaping. Fortunately for the pair, they had nothing but time.During this era in France, prisoners wi th wealth and title (like the Abbe) could request certain items to make their baulk a bit more comfortable. The Abbe used this to their advantage, and was able to outrank some tools and trinkets for his cell. The same reason Abbe was able to order trinkets is the reason Edmond had none he was penniless, and unable to purchase items. This was also quite indicative of the times if you were high up in society, you were able to purchase more benefits in prison, as well as in life. The Abbe died before the two were able to act out their escape plan. Thinking quickly on his feet, Dantes was able to replace his own body in the Abbes body bag, solidifying his own escape.The hopes Dantes held onto, and that drove him to be victorious in his escape were gone. When he did finally gain his freedom he was faced with the fact that his loved ones were either dead, or had moved on, and it was no longer a possibility to be a part of their life, or the one that he had left behind. He was a man who must decide what it was he was going to become, and do with the life that he regained. During this time it is made clear that Dantes was struggling with his purpose in life, and felt lost. It was said that he felt, that he belongs to no country, no land, even to the point where he feels more at ease while on the ocean (DAmmassa). While contemplating what he was to become and what to do with his life, now that he was a free man Dantes spent some time onboard a ship as a ball carrier in the Mediterranean. Where he could confront his feelings, and decide what is was he wanted to do.During one such smuggling trip Dantes had the opportunity to go to the Island of Monte Cristo where he resigned his position a smuggler and proceeded to find the treasure Abbe entrusted him with. The Island of Monte Cristo is indeed an actual island. It is located in the Archipelago Toscano National Park but, is not accessible to people and is now an animal refuge (Montercristo Island). It is presumed that Dumas had visited this remote island in 1842 and thought it perfect for the use as the setting in one of his novels however, the actual island bears little resemblance to the one portrayed in his tale. In the story Edmond finds the treasure that Abbe Faria entrusted to him, on this island. The resources from the treasure will eventually allow him the opportunity to unvarnished himself into a count, and begin his ascent into righting the wrongs done unto him.Once his visit to the island of Monte Cristo has ended he result to Rome where he stays for a while rejuvenating himself in upscale hotels, and taking beautiful women to the opera. During his stay there Dantes met Valentine, Villeforts daughter this act strikes a chord deep within Dantes and spurs his retribution into action. Dantes also meets Albert de Morcerf in Rome, where he aides in Alberts release from kidnappers. To return this life saving favor Dantes asks Albert to familiarize him with the Parisian aristocrats. For th ose of us with an appetite for a great revenge novel, this is where you can feel the plot begin to thicken, and Dumas has you flipping through the pages. With Albert as his guide, Dantes makes his way to Paris where the intrigue intensifies as Dantes began to pick off his prey one by one.During the time when Dumas tail was released, Paris was the metropolitan center of France, 600,000 people lived there. It was the mecca for European culture, and sciences, and also where many of Dumas readers would have been located making Paris an obvious choice to set such a tale the sale of his writings to readers in the city were booming. Paris was left in shambles until Napoleon became first consul. At which time he began to re-model the city, giving it qualities you might have seen in a more up to date Rome.He added sewers, sidewalks bridges, and wharves. These additions not only brought about a better economy, but better victuals conditions for many. This city full of Parisian culture was al so where the Villefort, the Morcerf, and the Danglars families had all settled. These families migrated to Paris, and with their newly acquired wealth began lavishing them selves in a life of luxury. Once in Paris, and with help the Count finds his way into the midst of each of the families, becoming a most welcome guest. It is from this calculated position that Dantes is able to initiate his plan and ultimately unravel the successes, and enjoyment of each of the men who had at one time or another plotted against him.Dumas, was able to give his reader an understanding of the setting in The Count of Monte Cristo with ease, he simply embellished upon of the historical cause that were taking place before his eyes. Dumas expertly tied together the political struggle between Napoleon and the Royalists. By expounding upon well-known, and heavily populated cities such as Marseille, he was able to bestow a bit of history, and expand his readers minds, while also adventuring with them to i solated, dangerous places like the Chateau dif or even Monte Cristo Island. He solidifies the intrigue, danger, and of course revenge in his literary work of art, which is sure to breed to captivate readers for many generations to come.Works CitedChateau dIf. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 21 Nov. 2012This article describes Chateau dif the small Mediterranean island off the port of Marseille. Ihope to be able to give a more exact development of the scene where Dumas maincharacter spent a great portion time. This article came from the Encyclopedia Britannicaonline.DAmmassa, Don. The Count of Monte Cristo. Encyclopedia of Adventure Fiction. New YorkFacts On File, Inc., 2008. Blooms literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. 15

Information Technology Coursework Essay

Input The KeyboardThe keyboard is essenti completelyy based on the standard QWERTY keyboard enjoyment by typists. The chief(prenominal) differences ar the additions made by calculating machine manufacturers. The first thing to notice is that the keyboard has three main sections. The first section is the main QWERTY keyboard, which has three extra keys. The nearly important of these extra keys is usu all in ally tag ENTER or RETURN. The enter key is on the right side of the keyboard and is employ to branch the figurer that you have finished typing and wish either to move to a fresh annul line or that you want the estimator to ask extinct the fontd instruction. The other two additional keys ar the ALT and the CONTROL keys (CTRL). These act in the same way as the shift key on the typewriter and so allow normal keys to have a number of different effects.The second spell of the keyboard is the act upon keys. There ar always at least ten and sometimes twelve of these lab elled F1 to F10 or F12, which be grouped together on the left of the keyboard or along the top of it. They are used by courses like word processors or spreadsheets to give instructions to the reckoner. They do not normally garden truck an effect on the screen precisely cigaret do in some programs.The third part of the keyboard is the numeric key pad. This is situated on the right of the keyboard and serves two functions. Firstly, to move the cursor and secondly to type numbers into the computer. The keys on the keypad usually contain the numbers 0 to 9, the decimal show and the mathematical symbols. The key marked NUMLOCK is used to tell the computer if the pad is used to enter numbers (NUMLOCK ON) or to move the cursor (NUMLOCK OFF).Input The MouseA mouse is a device, which bay window provide an choice to the keyboard. The mouse itself has a small ball in its base which, when pulled across a smooth surface, moves a circumscribed cursor across the screen. This cursor can be used to draw or point and is especially effective in providing an easy to use interface for those who have difficulty with keyboards etc. bear on The substitution Processing UnitInside the microcomputer is a tiny silicon chip called the Central Processing Unit or CPU this can be regarded as the brain of the entire schema. With the serve up of the computers internal reminiscence it exe curles the instructions in a program by acting simple logical operations at very high speeds typically an instruction will be performed in millionths of a second.The chip containing the Central Processing Unit or CPU is the ass where the computer does its thinking. The CPU processes tuition by fetching a program instruction hold ond in the computers memory, executing the instruction and proceeding to the next step in the program. The CPU contains (1) a program counter that tells the CPU where it is in the program. (2) an instruction register that stores the current program instruction. (3) a control whole that decodes the contents of the instruction register. (4) selective instruction registers that store the small units of entropy the CPU is currently processing. (5) a memory address register that holds the address or memory location of the information in its data registers. (6) an arithmetical and Logic Unit (ALU) that real performs severally small step in the program, and (7) a status or flags register that reports on the croak of the ALU. The size or power of a CPU is determined by the length of its registers 8-bit processors work on information in 8-bit groups 16-bit processors have registers that hold 16 bits and are double as fast. 32-bit processors provide nevertheless more computing speed, and so on.Internal Memory RAM and read-only memoryBecause the central processing unit only works on small pieces of information at a time, the computer of necessity a way to store information while it is not being processed. twain kinds of silicon chips serve as th e computers internal memory. Random Access Memory or RAM chips store information temporarily, and the computer can write, read, and erase information on them. RAM chips are erased every time the computer is turned off, so Read Only Memory or read-only storage chips act as the computers permanent memory they store the instructions the CPU needs when you first turn it on.External Memory Disks and Disk DrivesExternal memory devices like lax saucers, rough magnetized dish aerials, and CD-ROMs store programs and data when the computer is turned off. When a disk is inserted into a disk drive, the computer can read information from it or write new information onto it. Only certain types of CD-ROM can have information compose onto them.Output The PrinterPrinters receive electrical codes from the computer and then brand the corresponding letter or number on paper. The result is called hard copy. Plotters and some bring outers can even reproduce computer graphics on paper.Types of P rinterInk Jet PrintersInk jet printers work as their name suggests, by squirting jets of ink onto the paper by means of tiny nozzles. Ink-jets provide approximate quality siding (on average 600 dots per inch) at reasonable speed and at relatively low cost.laser PrintersA laser printer is essentially a photocopier attached to the computer as an output device. optical maser printers are capable of high quality output (around 720 dots per inch), at high speed. They can be bought from as little as around 100.Output Monitors (Visual Display Units)Monitors (V.D.U.s) are the most frequently used output device. The display is transmit from the computer to the surface of a cathode ray tube, which is rather like a television screen. Slim, flat screen supervises are withal available. The display consists of very small phosphorescent dots combined in different patterns to form words, numbers, and pictures. Monitors vary in their resolution (clarity), more dots on the screen means a hig her resolution but obviously costs more. The range of resolutions are CGA, EGA and the highest resolution VGA.Software calculating machine ProgramsA program is simply a set of instructions, which the programmer wishes the computer to obey. The computer blindly obeys every instruction which it is given it possess no abilities to determine whether an instruction (so long as it is framed subduely) is the correct instruction for any given situation. Programs tell the computer how to turn the arousal you provide into the output you want. A program is therefore a detailed set of instructions for performing a particular task. Because you cannot actually touch programs they have become known as software this contrasts with the hardware of a computer clay monitors, chips, printers etc. which you can touchSoftware takes umpteen forms the computer formation itself is co-ordinated by a special resident program called an operating system (you can read more about this program below), p rograms to carry out specific tasks for the user are termed application programs. sprout control, word processing, payroll and accounting functions are typical areas, which are serviced by application programs.Input/output Media Mass StorageFloppy DisksA floppy disk is 3 1/2 inches square. Inside its protective case or sleeve, each floppy disc is a circle of flexible plastic whose surface is c everywhereed with magnetic oxide. When you use a disc for the first time, you must use a special program called an operating system to format the disks surface by creating circular tracks divided into pie-shaped sectors. A hole punched tight-fitting the hub of the disk lets the computer know where the first sector is. A track on each disk stores a directory that tells the computer where to find what information. This means that it can go directly to the correct part of the disk instead of wading through all of its contents to find the information it wants. A typical floppy disk can store ar ound 200 pages of typewritten text, depending on how tightly the information is packed. If pictures are stored on disk, they take up a lot of room.Care of Floppy DisksInformation is stored on floppy disk by means of magnetism. The information stored on a disk can be confused if the magnetic surface of the disk is damaged. When handling a disk you must be careful not to turn it or touch the expose portions. Moisture, extreme temperatures, and exposure to magnetic fields or equipment can also ruin disks. You should keep back-up copies of all important disks to insure that your data will not be lost if a disk is damaged. You can guard against the possibility of accidentally writing over and erasing important data and programs by moving the small write-protect notch on the side of the disk. When this notch is closed, a sensor inside the drive hinders the head from writing onto the disk.Hard DisksAll modern PCs have hard disks, which can store vast amounts of information this varies depending upon their size. Although they operate on the same basic principles as floppies, hard disks spin many times more quickly allowing the read/write head to pass only fractions of an inch over the disks surface. Hard disks are hermetically sealed in special chambers to prevent dust particles from ruining the disks surface.Disk Drives Read/Write HeadsTo use a disk, you place it into a disk drive so that the circular hole in the centre of the disk fits into a c 1 in the drive. This cone spins the disk allowing all of its sectors to come under a window cut into the sleeve. As the disk spins around, a read / write head moves back and forth over the exposed portion of the disk. The head works like the head on a tape recorder. It reads information on the disk by translating its magnetic fields into electrical signals that are sent to the computer information is written onto the disk when the head converts the electrical signals from the computer into magnetic fields on the disks su rface. in operation(p) SystemsA computer is really a system of inter connected parts a keyboard or input device internal memory (RAM and ROM) a processor disks and disk drives output devices like a monitor and a printer and, of course, software. A special kind of program called an operating system controls the flow of information between these different components. One of its most important jobs is to enable your hardware to understand the instructions of your software. When you procure a computer, you must be sure that its design or architecture is compatible with the operating system for which the software you want is written. The operating system manages the files on your disks and offers utilities such as formatting blank disks, tilt the directory of files on a disk, as well as copying, renaming, and deleting files. Sometimes operating systems are permanently installed, but if the operating system is pre-packaged on a disk, its contents must either be loaded one after another into the computer or written onto every disk used, during the formatting process. Windows 95 and Windows 98 are the most common operating systems used today.Modems and NetworksWith the help of a modem, your computer can link up and travel by with other computers all over the cosmea. The modem translates the computers language of ons and offs into tones of different frequencies, which are then transmitted across telephone lines. At the receiving end the process is reversed a modem converts tone variations back into the computers digital code. Computer networks are systems of computers linked together in this way they are used to send and receive electronic mail, and to allow small personal computers access to the vast data libraries of larger computers, via the Internet.COMPUTER APPLICATIONSApplication PackagesThese are programs that actually perform the tasks that the user wishes to be done. The tasks are usually so complicated that several programs are required and these are co llectively called a suite of programs. Typical examples of applications are Stock Control, Databases, Order Processing, Word Processing, airline business Booking Systems, Spreadsheets, Viewdata Systems and Point of Sale Systems. Each package will now be discussed in turn, to give a general explanation of what they are, when they are used and for what purpose.Stock ControlA stock control system keeps track of all the stock currently held by the company. The computer is informed through the till when each item is sold. It is then an easy matter to set out the number sold from the current stock take aim to give a new stock level. If this level is below a re-order level which again is held by the computer, then the computer can automatically print a re-order letter to the supplier.The number of each item to be supplied is stored and when the supplier delivers, the number of items delivered is added to the amount in stock. Therefore the company, in theory, should never, through its ow n efforts, run out of any item of stock and should at all times know how much stock it has, in the warehouse, in storage at a retail outlet and on the shelves. Losses through theft are easily calculated through a manual shelf count, and corrective action to reduce losses can be apply quickly.DatabaseA database is a store of information made up of records. A record contains information relating to one person or one company and is made up of individual pieces of information called fields. For example, you may wee your records having the following fields company name, address, telephone number, credit limit, amount owed, payment due etc.When all the information has been entered the database may then be used by searching for particular information, called cross-referencing (e.g. to find out at the end of the month who the company owes money to and how much, in order to settle their accounts). New information can be fed in and the database is changed (updated) to include the new data, so that it is always up to date. pear-shaped databases are best used with static information (remains the same), with new records being added to the end. An example of this type is a Library with records on all the scripts in stock.The computer operated by the DVLA in Swansea (Driving Vehicle Licensing Authority) might be an example of a large database. Information relating to every motor vehicle in the U.K. is stored on computer and can be sorted or searched to find out, for example, who owns a particular car.Word ProcessingIn word processing a computer behaves like a much enhanced form of typewriter. Facilities are provided for entering, manipulating, storing and retrieving blocks of text. This means that standard letters and lists of names and addresses can be generated separately and then letters to everyone on the list can be printed without retyping the document. The processor retrieves the letter and the first name and address, prints the letter, retrieves the next name and address, changes the information in the letter, prints the next letter and so on.Real-Time SystemsAn example of a real-time system is Airline Booking. This is a system which updates the data immediately it changes. All the terminals in all the booking offices are connected via a telephone line to a large computer in the head office of the company. This is so that information can be accessed immediately and be changed on confirmation of a booking immediately. For example, if you precious to book a flight, you would feed details into the terminal about the flight, and back would come a pith saying perhaps that only two seat remain on that flight. If you then take these seats by sending that information back, confirmation would take place and then no-one anywhere in the world would be able to book a seat on that particular flight (even if they tried to book only ten seconds after you).SpreadsheetA spreadsheet is a special application package, which allows the user to set up tables o f information and add up rows and columns which make up the table. They are used mainly for displaying cash forecasts of companies, in the form of a table where all the figures are interconnected. Each intersection of a row and a column is called a cell. The cells are filled with figures and then changes can be made and the spreadsheet calculates all the related cells, alters and reprints them. Figures can be changed and the overall effect on the complete table can be seen immediately.