Chem 101 Lab Report 2 Essay

Mixtures are made up of substances or components. If the mixture is fairly uniform in composition, properties, and its overall appearance, it is homogenous. If the component parts are clearly separated, it is heterogeneous. In order to identify the components in a mixture, methods must be used to sort out the components. However, the same methods will not work for sorting all substances. Four different processes would be employed to sort soluble and insoluble components in the following experiment. Introduction Matter that people encounter in everyday life consists of mixtures of different substances. Mixtures are combinations of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity and therefore the original properties are maintained. The substances making up a mixture are called its components. According to our General Chemistry book, there are two types of mixtures; homogeneous and heterogeneous. Homogeneous mixtures are those that are uniform in composition, properties, and appearance throughout. Heterogeneous mixtures do not have the same composition, properties and appearance. Mixtures are characterized by two different properties: each of the substances in the mixture retains its chemical identity and mixtures are separable into these components by physical means, from heating, freezing, drying, etc. If one of the substances in a mixture exceeds the amounts of the other substances in the mixture you call it an impure substance and the other substances in th e mixture are impurities. The preparation of compounds usually involves their separation or isolation from reactants or other impurities. The separation of the components of mixtures is based upon the fact that each component has different physical properties. The components of mixtures are always pure substances, either compounds or elements and each pure substance will possess a unique set of properties. Similarly, every crystal of a pure substance melts at a specific temperature and a given pressure, and every pure substance boils at a specific temperature and a given pressure. There are four different methods of separation depending upon differences in physical properties. They are decantation, filtration, extraction, sublimation. In decantation, a liquid is separated from a solid by gently pouring the liquid from the solid so the only the solid remains in the container. Filtration is the process of separating a solid from a liquid by using a porous substance (a filter). Filtration allows the liquid but not the solid to pass through, again, leaving behind the insoluble substance. Extraction separates a substance from a mixture by choosing to dissolve that substance in a suitable solvent (usually water). Sublimation happens when a solid passes directly to the gaseous state and back to the solid state without passing through the intermediary liquid state. Material and Methods ï‚ · Evaporating Dish ï‚ · Beaker ï‚ · 3.0 Grams of mixture (NH4Cl – ammonium chloride, NaCl – sodium chloride, SiO2 – silicon dioxide) ï‚ · Heat plate ï‚ · Balance ï‚ · Oven ï‚ · Stirring rod ï‚ · 15 mL water x 2 = 30 mL water 1. Obtain mass of evaporating dish. 2. Add 3.0 grams of mixture (NH4Cl – ammonium chloride, NaCl – sodium chloride, SiO2 – silicon dioxide) to the evaporating dish and weigh to obtain mass of evaporating dish and sample mixture. 3. Subtract mass of evaporating dish from mass of original sample to get mass of original sample. 4. Place dish with sample onto heat plate to sublime the NH4Cl. 5. Remove from heat to cool mixture then weigh again. The difference in mass of evaporating dish and sample prior to heating and after heating represents the amount of NH4Cl in the mixture. 6. Obtain mass of beaker using the balance. 7. Add 15 mL of H20 to the mixture in the evaporating dish and stir gently 8. Decant the liquid into the beaker making sure not to transfer any of the solid into the beaker. 9. Add another 15 mL of H20 to the mixture in the evaporating dish and stir gently. Decant the liquid again into the beaker making sure not to transfer any of the solid into the beaker to extract NaCl. 10. Place beaker with sodium chloride solution onto heat plate and heat until water evaporates. Remove from heat and allow to cool. Weigh beaker. Difference between this weight and the weight of the empty beaker is the amount of NaCL in the mixture. 11. Take evaporating dish with SiO4 and heat until dry in oven. Once dry, remove evaporating dish from oven and allow to cool. Obtain the mass of SiO2 by weighting the evaporating dish with cooled mixture and subtracting mass of empty evaporating dish obtained earlier. 12. Find percent of NH4Cl, NaCl, and SiO2 in mixture by taking mass of each substance and dividing by the mass of the original sample. Results: Separation of the Components of a Mixture A. Mass of Evaporating Dish and Original Sample 41.606 g Mass of evaporating dish 38.859 g Mass of original sample 2.747 g Mass of evaporating dish after subliming NH4Cl 41.466 g Mass of NH4Cl 0.14 g Percent of NH4Cl 5.096 % % NH4Cl = 0.14 g / 2.747 g * 100% = 5.096 % B. Mass of Evaporating Dish, Watch Glass and NaCl 106.521 g Mass of evaporating dish and beaker 105.214 g Mass of NaCl 1.307 g Percent of NaCl 45.32 % % NaCl = 1.307 g / 2.747 g * 100% = 45.32 % C. Mass of Evaporating Dish and SiO2 40.104 g Mass of evaporating dish 38.859 g Mass of SiO2 1.245 g Percent of SiO2 45.322 % % SiO2 = 1.245 g / 2.747 g * 100% = 45.322 % D. Mass of Original Sample 2.747 g Mass of determined (NH4Cl + NaCl + SiO2) 2.692 g Differences in these weights 0.055 g Percent recovery of matter 97.997 % % recovery of matter = 2.692g /2.747g = 97.997 % Account for our errors about 2% Discussion The first step in the experiment required using the oven to heat the mixture, with ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, and silicon dioxide in the evaporating dish, until â€Å"white fumes were no longer form[ed],† according to the lab description. The goal was to sublimate the ammonium chloride, as it is not water soluble. It took about fifteen minutes to sublimate the NH4Cl. The dish had to cool as well when it came out of the oven. The mass of the dish contents were weighed and subtracted from the mass off the starting mass of the dish and the original mixture. The result was the loss of NH4Cl. Errors could have resulted from incorrectly weighing the original and ending samples. If ample time was not given to the sublimating process, NH4Cl may not have completely left the dish, the weight would not just include the mass of the other two substances. The next stage required careful decantation and stirring to remove only the liquid into a separate dish. The goal was to leave b ehind the insoluble substance, sand, and pour off the soluble NaCl. It was possible to accidentally remove particles of sand into the solution, which would influence the mass calculation of the two dishes. If stirring was not rigorous enough and water was not repeatedly added to sort out the sand from the liquid, there was a potential for sand staying behind as well. The final stage was to use the heating unit to evaporate the water from the solution to leave behind NaCl. At the same time, the heating unit was used to dry the sodium chloride in another dish. A calculation was made between the mass of the empty evaporating dish and the watch glass to reveal the mass of NaCl. Errors at this stage probably resulted from inaccurate readings on the scale or not drying the samples completely. The final stage of the experiment was to isolate the sand and calculate its mass. By this late stage, any errors in measurement, timing and calculations would have trickled down to the final remaining substance. The percentage of accuracy of the three components in the experiment should total 99%. If the percentage was less than that, â€Å"you have been sloppy† according to the lab manual. Conclusion In this experiment, it became apparent that what appears to be a simple mixture of elements is really more complicated. Heterogeneous mixtures may appear to be random collections of single substances, but when they are sorted into their components, the homogeneous elements can be observed. This was the case with this experiment. The original mixture had three substances: NaCl, NH4Cl, and SiO2. By using four methods, decantation, filtration, extraction, and sublimation, the separate components in the mixture could be isolated and weighed. If proper techniques in weighing, and using the four methods of sorting were observed and applied, the result would be three separated substances and calculations that matched those substances. The final calculation confirmed that our three substances, when sorted out, would all combine to weigh something close to the original mixture. The margin of error was within 2% References Book: 1.Ebbing, Darrel, D.; Gammon, Steven D. General Chemistry. 9th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cenage Learning; 2009. 2. Beran, JA; Beran,JoAllen: Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry. 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ. Jon Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2009. 3.Katz, John C.; Treichel, Paul M.; Townsend, John. Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, Inc.; 2009. 4.Somervill, Barbara A. Mass and Weight. Chicago, IL: Capstone Global Library, Ltd.; 2010. Electronic book: Chem Wiki:The Dynamic Chemistry Textbook. http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical-chemistry-html. Accessed August 29, 2013. Website: 1.Measuring Mass-Examples. http://www.harpercollege.edu/tm-ps/chm/100/dgodambe/the disk/labtech/mass2.html. 2.Jefferson Lab. http://education.jlab.org/qa/mass-09.html.

A Study of Brand Strategy for Supermarket Industry in Hong Kong

In the growing FMCG market of Hong Kong, the concept of brand strategy for supermarkets is the most vital variable of interest to retailers. This research makes an in-depth analysis of the dimensional aspects of brand strategy for supermarket industry with additional focus on the store image which is the antecedent for store loyalty.The research extends to examining the efforts of the supermarkets in Hong Kong to assess the effectiveness of such efforts in building a brand strategy for an effective store loyalty towards their stores.The research proposes to achieve the objectives of assessing the effectiveness of the efforts of the supermarkets in building a brand strategy by a review of the available literature on the topic of study and also by conducting a social research by employing recognized research methods to present a comprehensive and analytical report on the findings of the research.The study proposes to use qualitative methods for the collection of secondary data and info rmation including a collection of a wide range of resources for a review of the literature on the topic of the study. Quantitative method in the form on an ‘Online Survey’ of the customers of supermarkets by using a well constructed questionnaire to collect their opinions on the effectiveness of the efforts of the supermarkets in building a brand strategy in the supermarket industry in Hong Kong.The study will consider various attributes that promotes the brand strategy towards the supermarkets in Hong Kong.It will be astounding for the people who visit the Asian Cities like Hong Kong, Singapore and Bangkok for the first time to witness the role, shopping plays in the culture of the local people in this region.Retail therapy can be considered to be a conspicuous national pastime of these regions. With the growing wealth in Asia and with the enhancement in the disposable income of the people in the continent, there are every chances that consumer based firms will emerge as the strongest sector in the coming periods.Under the Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) there had been a higher influx of tourists from China which has resulted in a growth of 9.7 percent higher sales in the departmental stores as of September 2006 on a year-on-year comparison.According to a survey conducted by ACNielsen the market research firm, on 22000 global consumers, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Indonesia were included in the top 10 markets in the consumer confidence. (ACNielsen Global Consumer Confidence Report, Jan 2006)With the increased consumer activities in the retail sales it becomes important for the supermarkets to assess the shopping habits of the consumers and adjust their marketing strategies to maximize the sales growth and revenue. This is especially necessary in a large consumer market like Hong Kong.The effectiveness of the actions from the supermarkets on improving the stores loyalty, though depends largely on the consumer buying habits there are seve ral other factors that determine the store loyalty like, proximity of location of the stores, brand awareness, quality of the products, pricing and promotional offers and other consumer habits.Being a highly sensitive issue getting the store loyalty of the consumers is a tough task for the supermarkets as switching to alternative stores by the customers costs nothing to them and is also less cumbersome. This poses a great challenge to the supermarkets. In this context this research makes a detailed study into the effectiveness of the efforts of the supermarkets in building a brand strategy for establishing store loyalty among the consumers. Â  

Brand Positioning Essay

Positioning Statement culled from it for communication. Being a part of brand identity, it is a concise statement. Positioning statement is a declaration of the position our product/service will occupy in the mind of our target consumers. Before developing positioning statement we have look in to these areas: a. Market exploration: We have to assess first where our and our competitors’ brand stand today. b. Market segments: We consider target market segment c. Core identity: We then identify what is core identity or the essence of our brand d. Value proposition: It is better to know what criteria potential buyers use to choose one product/service over another. Identify a few criteria. e. Position of the existing products: Our product/service always has a relation to our competitive products. We have to see how our brand is perceived. Ultimately, we choose the best position. If that is already occupied, we think of taking the leader head on if we are strong or by-pass the leader and find other position. A concise positioning statement first describes what is important to the customers, and then what problem our product will solve for them, and how. Positioning is amenable to the following definition: 1. The position of a brand is the perception it brings in the mind of the target consumers. 2. This perception reflects the essence of the brand in terms of its functional benefits in the judgment of that consumers 3. It is relative to the perception held by a consumer of competing brands. The competing brands can be denoted as points or positions in perceptual space of the consumers and together make up a product/service class. 4. Positioning process consists of analysis of brand equity, core competencies, unmet consumer needs, competitive differentiation.

Southwest Washington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Southwest Washington - Essay Example It is true; the dams are hydroelectric and are possessed and managed by the US Army Corps of Engineers. These four major dams are of great importance in the area since they produce 3033 Megawatts power energy (Whitesell, 2004). More so, they provide navigation, recreation and aquatic conservation. Rivers include The Snake River which flows through the Snake River valley. It is the largest tributary of Columbia River which empties into the Pacific Ocean runs from known for salmon and other aquatic animals. This river is well known for salmon and other aquatic animals. The natives relied on fish, especially salmon, for food and source of income The southeastern Washington has fertile farmland where wheat is grown. The region also has strong, reliable winds suitable for wind energy. The wind power development has boosted the economic potential in the region; there is a tremendous increase in employment opportunities and other social, economic activities. However, the rate of crime has risen in the region. The effects of pollution are also felt in the ecosystem, that is to say there is a decrease in farm produce the number of salmon has also decreased. I agree that this region is a place to be because of its beautiful physical features and lucrative economic development. Energetic (2009, October 4). Lower Monumental Lock and Dam ~ Hydroelectric Energy.  Lower Monumental Lock and Dam ~ Hydroelectric Energy. Retrieved May 23, 2014,

Strategy mapping & the learning and growth perspective Essay

Strategy mapping & the learning and growth perspective - Essay Example There has been a significant revolution in the business environment attributed to formulation and implementation of strategy mapping. On the other hand, prosperity in process of formulating and implementing strategy mapping in organizations has been facilitated by application or incorporation of Balance Scorecards In this case, strategy mapping has been applied in processes of facilitating learning and growth in various organizations, while balance scorecard is used in implementation and evaluation process (Sharma, 2012). Nevertheless, this paper explains processes involved in formulation and implementation of strategy mapping, its relation to performance management, thereby establishing value propositions; in fact, this discussion will be established theoretically. The ultimate purpose of implementing strategy mapping in an organization is to bridge learning and growth gap. In this case, strategy mapping offers sets of guidelines, which facilitate increased performance management in an organization. Besides, Armitage and Scholey (2006) explain that strategy mapping offers these guidelines in a systematic format. Strategy mapping has also been considered a reference, based on four principle interest groups. Strategy mapping based on learning and growth point of view resonates around employee capabilities and other success factors. In this case, Sharma (2012) explains that employees’ capabilities relate to their levels of skills, access to transactions, continuous training and development programs. In addition, it also focuses on employee satisfaction, which has been regarded as precondition for facilitating employee productivity and level of quality in services offered to customers. Other growth factors facilitated by strategy mapping include information system capabilities, motivation and empowerment of employees in an organization (Sharma, 2012). Numerous organizations have been seeking guidance and directives to supplement effort required in implement ation of maps and scorecards. Therefore, strategic mapping and Balance Scorecards has become solutions to organizations’ problems, whereby they serves as a bridge between theories gathered from different literature and processes of implementation. On the other hand, other organizations are seeking certain consultants, which can offer benefits based on framework in strategic mapping guidelines. Furthermore, Armitage and Scholey (2006) assert that other organizations stand chance of benefiting from strategic mapping by becoming consultants. Strategy mapping facilitates communication of strategies in organizations, given that they provide guidelines, which in turn describe model applied in implementation process. The strategy map developed through this model is helpful to managers in organization (National Institute of Standards & Technology [NIST], 2012). In this case, these strategy maps become solutions to problems faced in processes of executing a strategy. Besides, these ma ps help organizations to attain desired results, through a substantially developed strategy meant to improve and align various functions in an organization. Some of these functions include, strategy planning, budgeting, compensating employees and monitoring their performance (Armitage & Scholey, 2006). In addition, strategic mapping offers ways to improve chances of implementing learning and growth strategies in organizations in order to facilitate effective operating and financial performance. Nonetheless, this paper will also focus on conducting analysis, which presents actual comparison and contrast between BAA’

Is the American Dream Over Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is the American Dream Over - Essay Example From this study it is clear that  the opportunity to become a rich and successful citizen is influenced by the level of education. Here we can trace the main manifestations of inequality, which influence the future of the country and people. Rich people appear in advanced position. Good education in the USA costs much; therefore, the possibilities of a child to receive this education directly depend on the prosperity and the education level of his parents. It’s hard for the parents to earn decent money without good education. The vicious circle appears as a result. The prospects of any American depend on the income and education of his/her parents more, than the prospects of a resident of almost any other developed country. On the other hand, many people think that income inequality is not a problem and the American dream is not so important for America.  This paper highlights that  the most disappointing thing is that the rich are sure that they should live better, beca use they deserve it as they managed to earn money. Such ideas worsen the situation. In the last decades America chose the political agenda that left the most vulnerable sectors of society behind. The growing concentration of wealth and considerable decrease of taxes on it did not allow investing in education and protection of children. The unemployment rate among the schools graduates is growing rapidly. One more indicator of population distress significantly grew: the frequency of use of various discounts and benefits.

Discuss how authors critique gender roles in thire noveles Season of Essay

Discuss how authors critique gender roles in thire noveles Season of Migration and Beer in the snooker club - Essay Example Salih writes about characters from poorer parts of northern Sudan while Ghali writes about city people in Egypt. The main characters in both of these books are male. The men in the books also meet a number of women and from time to time there is discussion of gender relations in British society and in their homeland also. Contact with Western society, and with London in particular, makes the authors think about potential changes to local family and social relationships, and especially to gender roles. In the first novel it is quite difficult to work out what the author’s views on the topic of gender are, because the male narrator has quite a different perspective from the other main character, Mustafa Sa’eed. The village in which they meet is rather traditional which means that life runs on the basis of Islamic law. The narrator describes his family, with emphasis on his grandfather who is a good male role model for him. There are also a number of elderly males who make a lot of sexist jokes about women. One of these characters, Wad Rayyes, seems to represent the dominant view : ‘He had been much married and much divorced, taking no heed of anything in a woman except that she was a woman, taking them as they came, and if asked about it replying â€Å"A stallion isn’t finicky†.’ (Salih: 66) The narrator observes this behaviour and repeats the animal comparison when he says (Salih: 81) â€Å"Wad Rayyes, who charged women as he charged donkeys†. This kind of womanizing behavior is also displayed by Mustafa Sa’eed who goes after several different British women when he is in London. He actually marries Jean Morris and she compares him to â€Å"a savage bull that does not weary of the chase† (Salih: 33). The fact that Sa’eed kills Jean Morris and drives several of his lovers to suicide underlines the aggression that this character feels in his romantic relationships. At one point Sa’eed describes his bedroom in